China's rapid ascent as a naval superpower marks a significant shift in global maritime dynamics. Since the economic reforms initiated in the 1980s under Deng Xiaoping, China has steadily expanded its maritime presence, evolving from a land-focused power to a formidable naval force. Today, China's navy surpasses the United States in sheer numbers, posing a strategic challenge for the US and its allies, including India. This article examines China's maritime ambitions, naval capabilities, and the implications for global security. China’s Strategic Maritime Vision China's ambition to become a dominant maritime power gained official recognition in 2012 when President Hu Jintao emphasized the need to strengthen China’s naval capabilities. His successor, Xi Jinping, further reinforced this vision by linking maritime expansion to national sovereignty, economic security, and global influence. The South China Sea (SCS) has become a focal point of these efforts, as China asserts territorial claims and expands its naval footprint. Four key elements define China’s maritime power strategy:

• Resource Exploitation – Ensuring access to marine resources, including fisheries and energy reserves.
• Maritime Economy – Strengthening the shipping industry and global trade dominance.
• Environmental Protection – Managing oceanic resources sustainably while ensuring economic growth.
• National Security – Expanding naval power to protect sovereignty and interests.

Maritime vs. Continental Power: A Historical Dilemma Historically, China has been viewed as a continental power, with vast land borders shared with 14 nations, including India and Russia. However, its geographic positioning also grants it a significant maritime frontier along the Western Pacific. The evolution of China’s naval strategy represents a departure from its historical continental focus toward a more balanced approach, where maritime interests play an equally crucial role. China’s maritime expansion is not merely about military power but is deeply intertwined with trade and commerce. Shipbuilding, merchant fleets, and fishing industries have grown in tandem with naval development, positioning China as the world’s leading maritime power, even if it has yet to surpass the US in naval combat capabilities. Comparing the US and Chinese Fleets China's naval expansion is reflected in its fleet size and shipbuilding capacity. According to the US Office of Naval Intelligence, China is projected to have 475 battle force ships by 2035, while the US is expected to maintain around 310 ships. Historical analyses suggest that larger fleets tend to prevail in maritime conflicts due to their resilience and ability to sustain losses while continuing combat. Key Comparisons Destroyers: The US currently has 73 destroyers, compared to China’s 42. However, China has rapidly expanded its destroyer fleet, doubling its size over the last two decades. Overall Fleet Size: As of late 2024, the US Navy has 296 battle force ships, while China has over 370.   Aircraft Carriers: The US maintains superiority with more aircraft carriers and naval aircraft. Naval Modernization: Over 70% of China’s navy consists of vessels launched after 2010, making it a relatively young and modern fleet. Shipbuilding Capacity: China dominates global shipbuilding, with large shipyards like Dalian, Jiangnan, and Hudong-Zhonghua producing both commercial and military vessels at an unprecedented scale. While the US retains qualitative superiority in destroyers and aircraft carriers, China’s numerical advantage and shipbuilding efficiency indicate a long-term challenge to American naval dominance. China’s Maritime Power Beyond Warships Beyond its navy, China’s maritime power extends to merchant shipping and the fishing industry, both critical to its strategic objectives.

• Merchant Fleet: China controls over 5,600 ships, making it the second-largest merchant ship-owning nation after Greece.
• Fishing Fleet: With an estimated 800,000 vessels, China dominates global fisheries, making seafood security a national priority.
• Coast Guard and Maritime Militia: China possesses the world’s largest coast guard fleet, with over 225 high-seas capable vessels and an additional 1,000 smaller ships for coastal operations. Additionally, the maritime militia integrates fishing vessels into defense strategies, supporting Chinese claims in disputed waters.

These assets reinforce China’s ability to project power beyond traditional naval operations, securing economic interests while challenging rivals in contested maritime zones. The Economic Slowdown and Its Implications Despite its naval rise, China faces economic headwinds that could impact its maritime ambitions. GDP growth has slowed from double-digit rates in the 2000s to below 6% since 2019. Additionally, demographic challenges, including an aging population and declining workforce, will strain government resources in the coming decades. These economic pressures could limit long-term military spending, yet they also reinforce the urgency of maritime expansion. As domestic markets slow, securing global trade routes and resource access becomes even more critical for sustaining China’s economic power. India’s Response: Strengthening Its Shipbuilding Industry As China expands its naval dominance, India is also making strides in shipbuilding and maritime defense. Key Developments in Indian Shipbuilding

• Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL): India’s largest shipbuilding facility has built major vessels, including India’s first indigenous aircraft carrier, INS Vikrant.
• Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL): Located in Visakhapatnam, HSL specializes in submarine construction and overhauls for the Indian Navy.
• Naval Expansion: India is enhancing its submarine fleet and considering plans for additional aircraft carriers to counter Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean.

However, India still lags far behind China in shipbuilding capacity. Strengthening domestic shipbuilding and expanding naval cooperation with allies will be crucial for maintaining regional stability. The US Dilemma: Matching China’s Shipbuilding Pace The US faces a strategic challenge: whether to match China’s shipbuilding pace or adopt alternative naval strategies. Experts suggest that rather than competing in sheer numbers, the US could focus on:

• Smaller, Missile-Armed Combatants: Investing in corvette-sized ships similar to China’s.
• Unmanned Naval Vessels: Using drones and autonomous systems to augment traditional fleets.
• Allied Cooperation: Leveraging shipbuilding capacities of allies like South Korea and Japan to counterbalance China’s dominance.

The Urgency for Strategic Action China’s rise as a naval superpower represents a wake-up call for both the US and India. While the US maintains qualitative superiority, China’s numerical advantage and industrial capacity indicate a shifting balance of power. For India, increasing shipbuilding capacity and modernizing naval forces are essential to counter China’s growing presence in the Indian Ocean. The global maritime order is at a crossroads. The US, India, and other allies must adapt to the evolving naval landscape to maintain strategic stability in the Indo-Pacific. The time to act is now.   (With inputs from agencies)manish