India’s transition to 20% ethanol blending in petrol (E20) has sparked debate among vehicle owners, manufacturers, and policy experts. While some concerns around mileage, material wear, and food security have surfaced, government agencies and industry stakeholders maintain that the risks are overstated and the benefits significant.
Ethanol, though lower in energy density than petrol, leads to only a marginal drop in fuel efficiency—estimated at 1–2% in E10-calibrated vehicles and slightly higher in older models. Automakers have already introduced E20-compliant vehicles since April 2023, using upgraded components and tuning methods to offset efficiency concerns.
Material corrosion has also been raised as an issue. Ethanol can react with moisture, affecting rubber parts and gaskets in older vehicles. However, industry standards now mandate ethanol-compatible materials and corrosion inhibitors. In practice, only minor, inexpensive replacements may be needed after prolonged use.
Beyond technical issues, critics highlight environmental and agricultural implications. Producing ethanol requires crops such as sugarcane and maize, raising concerns about food security and water use. India has responded by diversifying feedstocks, increasingly using surplus rice, damaged food grains, and agricultural residues, while investing in second-generation biofuels to reduce pressure on food supply.
The government emphasizes the broader benefits of E20 blending. Ethanol’s higher octane rating improves engine performance and ride quality. The program reduces India’s dependence on crude oil imports, saving significant foreign exchange, while providing direct economic support to farmers. Environmentally, ethanol use cuts greenhouse gas emissions by up to 65% compared to petrol.
With a phased rollout guided by the Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India (2020–25), the transition is being implemented in consultation with automakers, fuel retailers, and regulators. Far from being abrupt, the E20 program is positioned as a strategic step toward energy security, rural prosperity, and climate goals.
